{"id":11252,"date":"2024-04-05T19:31:04","date_gmt":"2024-04-05T19:31:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/desired-difficulties-robert-a-bjork\/"},"modified":"2024-04-22T16:51:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T16:51:43","slug":"pozadane-trudnosci-robert-a-bjork","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/pozadane-trudnosci-robert-a-bjork\/","title":{"rendered":"Po\u017c\u0105dane trudno\u015bci: Robert A. Bjork (1994)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Robert A. Bjork jest psychologiem poznawczym znanym ze swoich bada\u0144 w dziedzinie uczenia si\u0119, pami\u0119ci i zapominania. Jego praca koncentruje si\u0119 na zrozumieniu czynnik\u00f3w wp\u0142ywaj\u0105cych na ludzk\u0105 pami\u0119\u0107 i warunk\u00f3w, w kt\u00f3rych uczenie si\u0119 jest najbardziej efektywne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U podstaw tej teorii le\u017cy rozr\u00f3\u017cnienie mi\u0119dzy uczeniem si\u0119 a wydajno\u015bci\u0105:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Uczenie si\u0119<\/strong>: trwa\u0142e zmiany w wiedzy i pami\u0119ci, kt\u00f3re zachodz\u0105 w wyniku procesu uczenia si\u0119. Obejmuje ustanowienie reprezentacji pami\u0119ci d\u0142ugoterminowej, kt\u00f3ra wspiera przechowywanie i wyszukiwanie informacji w czasie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wykonanie<\/strong>: obserwowalne i natychmiastowe wykorzystanie wiedzy lub umiej\u0119tno\u015bci. Jest to zdolno\u015b\u0107 do zademonstrowania tego, czego si\u0119 nauczy\u0142e\u015b w danym kontek\u015bcie lub sytuacji.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Termin &#8220;po\u017c\u0105dane trudno\u015bci&#8221; zosta\u0142 zaproponowany w 1994 roku. Jest to teoria uczenia si\u0119, w kt\u00f3rej wyzwania (lub trudno\u015bci) s\u0105 postrzegane jako klucz do d\u0142ugoterminowego uczenia si\u0119. Wprowadzanie trudno\u015bci podczas procesu uczenia si\u0119 mo\u017ce poprawi\u0107 d\u0142ugoterminowe uczenie si\u0119 (tj. zmiany w pami\u0119ci), nawet je\u015bli tymczasowo utrudniaj\u0105 one natychmiastowe wyniki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aby trudno\u015b\u0107 by\u0142a po\u017c\u0105dana, musi by\u0107 czym\u015b, co ucze\u0144 mo\u017ce pokona\u0107 poprzez zwi\u0119kszony wysi\u0142ek. Po\u017c\u0105dane trudno\u015bci mog\u0105 obejmowa\u0107:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>R\u00f3\u017cne warunki uczenia si\u0119: <\/strong>uczenie si\u0119 w r\u00f3\u017cnych \u015brodowiskach, ze zmiennym ha\u0142asem w tle lub w r\u00f3\u017cnych warunkach o\u015bwietleniowych mo\u017ce sprawi\u0107, \u017ce nauka b\u0119dzie trudniejsza, ale ostatecznie korzystna dla d\u0142ugoterminowego zapami\u0119tywania.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Praktyka roz\u0142o\u017cenia w czasie<\/strong>: odnosi si\u0119 do praktyki polegaj\u0105cej na roz\u0142o\u017ceniu sesji nauki w czasie zamiast \u0142\u0105czenia ich w jedn\u0105 ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107. Jest to rozumiane podobnie do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/powtarzanie-w-odstepach-sila-powtorzen-1932\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">powtarzania w odst\u0119pach<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/krzywa-zapominania-jestesmy-dobrzy-w-zapominaniu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">krzywej zapominania<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Przeplatanie <\/strong>temat\u00f3w zamiast nauczania ich blokami: mieszanie r\u00f3\u017cnych temat\u00f3w lub umiej\u0119tno\u015bci podczas \u0107wicze\u0144 jest lepsze ni\u017c skupianie si\u0119 wy\u0142\u0105cznie na jednym temacie przed przej\u015bciem do nast\u0119pnego.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Generowanie i testowanie: <\/strong>generowanie odpowiedzi lub rozwi\u0105zania w por\u00f3wnaniu z prezentacj\u0105 odpowiedzi lub rozwi\u0105zania. Wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 to z aktywnym przywo\u0142ywaniem informacji z pami\u0119ci, a nie ich biernym przegl\u0105daniem. Gdy uczniowie aktywnie generuj\u0105 informacje (np. odpowiadaj\u0105c na pytania lub podczas test\u00f3w), zwi\u0119ksza to ich d\u0142ugoterminowe zapami\u0119tywanie.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/przeplatanie-wyjasnienie-1024x526.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/przeplatanie-wyjasnienie-1024x526.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/przeplatanie-wyjasnienie-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/przeplatanie-wyjasnienie-768x394.png 768w, https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/przeplatanie-wyjasnienie-1536x789.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/przeplatanie-wyjasnienie-1568x805.png 1568w, https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/przeplatanie-wyjasnienie.png 1622w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zgodnie z teori\u0105 <a href=\"https:\/\/bjorklab.psych.ucla.edu\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">po\u017c\u0105danych trudno\u015bci<\/a> zapominanie jest w rzeczywisto\u015bci dobre. Powiniene\u015b spodziewa\u0107 si\u0119 zapominania tre\u015bci, a nast\u0119pnie przypominania ich sobie w celu poprawy. Po\u017c\u0105dane trudno\u015bci mog\u0105 pocz\u0105tkowo spowolni\u0107 nauk\u0119 i wydawa\u0107 si\u0119 bezproduktywne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dla nauki j\u0119zyk\u00f3w oznacza to, \u017ce<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nauka zajmie troch\u0119 czasu, poniewa\u017c efektywne metody nie przynosz\u0105 szybkich efekt\u00f3w;\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>proces nauki b\u0119dzie trudny i nale\u017cy si\u0119 tego spodziewa\u0107.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/czy-trudnosci-w-nauce-jezyka-moga-byc-pozadane\/\">Bez pracy nie ma ko\u0142aczy.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<style>\n\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702.banner-at--bg{\n\t\t\tbackground-image: url('https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/themes\/taalhammer-theme\/assets\/images\/png\/banner-bg1.png');\n\t\t\tbackground-color: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tborder: 0px solid #FFD600;\n\t}\n\t@media only screen and (max-width: 550px) {\n\t\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702.banner-at--bg {\n\t\t\tbackground-image: url('https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/themes\/taalhammer-theme\/assets\/images\/png\/banner-bg1-mob.png');\n\t\t\tborder: none;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t@media only screen and (max-width: 916px) {\n\t\tmain #banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702.banner-at--bg {\n\t\t\tbackground-image: url('https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/themes\/taalhammer-theme\/assets\/images\/png\/banner-bg1-mob.png');\n\t\t\tborder: none;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702 .banner-at__subtitle {\n\t\tcolor: #262626;\n\t}\n\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702 .banner-at__subtitle--border {\n\t\tcolor: #262626;\n\t\tborder: 1px solid #262626;\n\t}\n\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702 .banner-at__title {\n\t\tcolor: #161616;\n\t}\n\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702 .banner-at__content .content-at__text{\n\t\tcolor: #161616;\n\t}\n\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702 .banner-at__btn .btn-at {\n\t\tbackground: #ffd600;\n\t\tcolor: #161616;\n\t\tborder: 1px solid rgba(255, 214, 0, 1);\n\t\tbox-shadow: none;\n\t}\n\t#banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702 .banner-at__btn .btn-at:hover {\n\t\tbackground: inherit;\n\t\tcolor: #ffd600;\n\t\tborder: 1px solid rgba(255, 214, 0, 1);\n\t}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"banner-at at-ff banner-at--bg\" id=\"banner-section-1-at-block_1faa305b01093664c7839eb5e4f48702\">\n\t<div class=\"banner-at__wrap banner-at__wrap--center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"banner-at__left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/themes\/taalhammer-theme\/assets\/images\/svg\/banner-img-1.svg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"banner-at__right\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"banner-at__subtitle banner-at__subtitle--border\">Nauka j\u0119zyka kt\u00f3ra dzia\u0142a<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"banner-at__title\">Ucz si\u0119 j\u0119zyk\u00f3w z aplikacj\u0105 Taalhammer<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"banner-at__content content-at\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content-at__text\">Powtarzaj z inteligentnym systemem powt\u00f3rek i zapomnij o zapominaniu.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"banner-at__btn\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"btn-at\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/\" cta-type=\"cta-banner-pl-repetition\" data-cta-track=\"true\" data-cta-position=\"Position text goes here set by default\">Chc\u0119 zacz\u0105\u0107 nauk\u0119 teraz<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robert A. Bjork jest psychologiem poznawczym znanym ze swoich bada\u0144 w dziedzinie uczenia si\u0119, pami\u0119ci i zapominania. Jego praca koncentruje si\u0119 na zrozumieniu czynnik\u00f3w wp\u0142ywaj\u0105cych na ludzk\u0105 pami\u0119\u0107 i warunk\u00f3w,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":10372,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"0","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[296],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-encyklopedia","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.4 (Yoast SEO v23.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Po\u017c\u0105dane trudno\u015bci: Robert A. Bjork (1994) | Taalhammer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/pozadane-trudnosci-robert-a-bjork\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Po\u017c\u0105dane trudno\u015bci: Robert A. Bjork (1994)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Robert A. Bjork jest psychologiem poznawczym znanym ze swoich bada\u0144 w dziedzinie uczenia si\u0119, pami\u0119ci i zapominania. Jego praca koncentruje si\u0119 na zrozumieniu czynnik\u00f3w wp\u0142ywaj\u0105cych na ludzk\u0105 pami\u0119\u0107 i warunk\u00f3w,...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/pozadane-trudnosci-robert-a-bjork\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Taalhammer\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/taalhammer\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mateusz.wiacek.14\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-04-05T19:31:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-04-22T16:51:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Robert-A.-Bjork.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"422\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mateusz Wi\u0105cek\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@taalhammer\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@taalhammer\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napisane przez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mateusz Wi\u0105cek\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Szacowany czas czytania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minuty\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/pozadane-trudnosci-robert-a-bjork\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/pozadane-trudnosci-robert-a-bjork\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mateusz Wi\u0105cek\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.taalhammer.com\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/bc15ec4a852bd873754208016c1291ff\"},\"headline\":\"Po\u017c\u0105dane trudno\u015bci: Robert A. 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